㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀∀㸀☀⌀㘀㔀㈀㜀㤀㰀椀㸀䄀㰀甀㸀䬀䠀㰀⼀甀㸀䈀☀⌀㈀㔀㘀刀ⴀ䤀ⴀ䐀䄀刀䈀☀⌀㈀㔀㘀刀ⴀ䤀ⴀ䴀䄀䠀☀⌀㈀㔀㘀刀☀⌀㈀㔀㘀䨀☀⌀㈀㔀㘀 刀䄀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀 䨀☀⌀㈀㤀㠀吀 匀䤀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㠀䜀䠀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 愀氀猀漀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 䄀㰀甀㸀欀栀㰀⼀甀㸀戀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀ⴀ椀ⴀ☀⌀㜀㘀㤀㈀攀漀☀⌀㜀㜀㜀栀椀 匀愀爀搀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀 刀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀樀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀琀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 䈀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀搀甀爀Ⰰ 椀猀 愀 猀攀琀 漀昀 倀攀爀猀椀愀渀 洀愀渀甀猀挀爀椀瀀琀猀 挀漀洀瀀爀椀猀椀渀最 㤀㌀ 氀漀漀猀攀 猀栀攀攀琀猀 漀昀 甀渀攀焀甀愀氀 猀椀稀攀⸀ 愀渀搀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀椀渀最Ⰰ 愀猀 琀栀攀 琀椀琀氀攀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀攀猀Ⰰ 渀攀眀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀甀爀琀 漀昀 䴀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀樀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 刀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀樀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀琀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 ⠀㜀㠀 ⴀ㠀㌀㤀⤀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 猀栀攀攀琀猀 愀爀攀 戀攀氀椀攀瘀攀搀 琀漀 戀攀 渀攀眀猀氀攀琀琀攀爀猀 猀攀渀琀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 倀攀猀栀眀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 䐀愀昀琀愀爀 愀琀 倀漀漀渀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 ⠀渀漀眀 倀甀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀攀⤀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 昀椀爀猀琀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀攀搀 椀渀 㤀㌀㈀ⴀ㌀㌀ 戀礀 䐀爀 䴀甀栀愀洀洀愀搀 一☀⌀㈀㔀㜀稀椀洀Ⰰ 愀渀 漀昀昀椀挀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䄀爀挀栀愀攀漀氀漀最椀挀愀氀 匀甀爀瘀攀礀 漀昀 䤀渀搀椀愀Ⰰ 椀渀 琀栀攀 䄀氀椀攀渀愀琀椀漀渀 䈀爀愀渀挀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䐀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀愀氀 䌀漀洀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀攀爀✀猀 漀昀昀椀挀攀 愀琀 倀漀漀渀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀⸀ 吀栀攀 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀 眀愀猀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 愀渀搀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 戀礀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 䜀漀瘀攀爀渀洀攀渀琀 刀攀挀漀爀搀猀 伀昀昀椀挀攀 椀渀 㤀㌀㔀 愀猀 䴀漀渀漀最爀愀瀀栀 一漀⸀ 㜀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀䔀瘀攀渀琀猀 愀琀 琀栀攀 䌀漀甀爀琀 漀昀 刀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀樀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀琀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀㰀⼀椀㸀 㠀 ⴀ㠀㜀⸀ 吀栀攀 䰀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀 䐀攀瀀愀爀琀洀攀渀琀Ⰰ 倀甀渀樀愀戀Ⰰ 戀爀漀甀最栀琀 漀甀琀 愀 爀攀瀀爀椀渀琀 椀渀 㤀㜀 ⸀ 匀漀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀氀 洀愀渀甀猀挀爀椀瀀琀猀 愀爀攀 瀀爀攀猀攀爀瘀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 匀琀愀琀攀 䄀爀挀栀椀瘀攀猀 愀琀 倀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㠀㤀椀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 甀渀搀攀爀 挀愀琀愀氀漀最甀攀 一漀猀⸀ 䴀ⴀ㐀㈀ ⠀䤀Ⰰ 䤀䤀⤀Ⰰ 䴀ⴀ㐀㤀 ⠀䤀Ⰰ 䤀䤀⤀ 愀渀搀 䴀ⴀ㌀㔀㈀ ⠀䤀Ⰰ 䤀䤀⤀⸀ 吀栀攀 渀攀眀猀氀攀琀琀攀爀猀Ⰰ 挀漀瘀攀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 昀爀漀洀 一漀瘀攀洀戀攀爀 㠀 琀漀 ㈀ 匀攀瀀琀攀洀戀攀爀 㠀㜀 眀椀琀栀 漀渀攀 氀攀琀琀攀爀Ⰰ 搀愀琀攀搀 䨀甀渀攀 㠀㈀㈀Ⰰ 愀爀攀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 椀渀 倀攀爀猀椀愀渀 㰀椀㸀猀栀椀欀愀猀琀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀爀 爀甀渀渀椀渀最 栀愀渀搀⸀ 䔀愀挀栀 氀攀琀琀攀爀 栀愀猀 愀 栀攀愀搀椀渀最 最椀瘀椀渀最 琀栀攀 琀椀琀氀攀 ⠀甀猀甀愀氀氀礀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀䄀㰀甀㸀欀栀㰀⼀甀㸀戀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀ⴀ椀ⴀ☀⌀㜀㘀㤀㈀攀漀☀⌀㜀㜀㜀栀椀 匀愀爀搀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀 刀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀樀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀琀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 䈀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀搀甀爀㰀⼀椀㸀⤀ Ⰰ 琀栀攀 搀愀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 眀攀攀欀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 搀愀琀攀 椀渀 䠀椀樀爀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 攀爀愀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 瀀氀愀挀攀 昀爀漀洀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 氀攀琀琀攀爀 眀愀猀 猀攀渀琀⸀ 吀栀攀 渀攀眀猀眀爀椀琀攀爀 爀攀洀愀椀渀猀 愀渀漀渀礀洀漀甀猀⸀ 䠀攀 愀氀猀漀 爀攀洀愀椀渀猀 椀洀瀀攀爀猀漀渀愀氀 椀渀 琀栀愀琀 栀攀 爀攀氀愀琀攀猀 戀愀爀攀 昀愀挀琀猀 眀椀琀栀漀甀琀 挀漀洀洀攀渀琀 漀爀 漀瀀椀渀椀漀渀⸀ 䴀漀猀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 氀攀琀琀攀爀猀 眀攀爀攀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䘀漀爀琀 漀昀 䰀愀栀漀爀攀 眀栀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 䴀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀樀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 栀攀氀搀 栀椀猀 挀漀甀爀琀Ⰰ 眀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 猀漀洀攀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 昀爀漀洀 眀椀搀攀氀礀 搀椀猀瀀愀爀愀琀攀 瀀氀愀挀攀猀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 䘀漀爀琀 漀昀 䜀漀戀椀渀搀最愀☀⌀㜀㜀㜀栀 ⠀䄀洀爀椀琀猀愀爀⤀Ⰰ 䜀甀樀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀琀Ⰰ 䄀☀⌀㜀㜀㠀㤀☀⌀㜀㜀㠀㤀漀挀欀Ⰰ 圀愀稀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀搀Ⰰ 刀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀樀愀甀爀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀Ⰰ 匀椀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀欀漀☀⌀㜀㜀㠀㤀Ⰰ 䘀愀琀攀栀最愀☀⌀㜀㜀㜀栀 愀渀搀 刀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀眀愀氀瀀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀☀⌀㜀㘀㤀㌀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀⸀ 吀攀渀 氀攀琀琀攀爀猀 爀攀氀愀琀椀渀最 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 㠀 ⴀ㈀ 攀渀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 猀攀渀琀攀渀挀攀Ⰰ ∀㰀椀㸀娀愀戀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 㰀甀㸀䬀栀㰀⼀甀㸀甀猀栀ⴀ栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 㰀甀㸀䬀栀㰀⼀甀㸀愀戀愀爀搀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀 渀愀眀椀猀栀琀愀栀 猀栀甀搀㰀⼀椀㸀ⴀⴀⴀ 琀栀椀猀 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 漀渀 琀栀攀 戀愀猀椀猀 漀昀 瘀攀爀戀愀氀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 猀甀瀀瀀氀椀攀搀 戀礀 㰀甀㸀䬀栀㰀⼀甀㸀甀猀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀渀琀Ⰰ ∀ 眀栀椀氀攀 琀栀爀攀攀 氀攀琀琀攀爀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 礀攀愀爀 㠀㜀 攀渀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀搀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀愀爀稀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀㰀⼀椀㸀 昀漀氀氀漀眀攀搀 戀礀 愀 猀攀愀氀 眀栀椀挀栀 爀攀愀搀猀 ∀✀䄀稀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀洀 唀氀氀愀栀 ㈀㌀㘀 䄀⸀ 䠀⸀ ∀ 吀栀攀 氀愀琀琀攀爀 爀攀洀愀椀渀猀 甀渀椀搀攀渀琀椀昀椀攀搀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀栀攀 昀漀爀洀攀爀 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 挀漀渀樀攀挀琀甀爀攀搀 琀漀 戀攀 㰀甀㸀䬀栀㰀⼀甀㸀甀猀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 䨀愀洀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀搀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 㰀椀㸀☀⌀㜀㘀㤀㌀攀漀☀⌀㜀㜀㜀栀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀☀⌀㜀㘀㤀㌀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 漀爀 挀栀愀洀戀攀爀氀愀椀渀Ⰰ 甀渀搀攀爀 䴀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀樀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 刀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀樀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀琀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
These letters, rich in variety and detail, provide intimate glimpses into the life of Raṇjīt Siṅgh, his daily routine, personal habits, character and pastimes. To refer to the newsletter, dated 9 June 1813, the Mahārājā rose early in the morning and came to the dīwān khānā, where the sardārs presented themselves and made obeisance. Here he received reports from different parts of the kingdom. Expeditiously disposing of State business, he would inspect troops mounted on a horse or an elephant. Thereafter, he returned to the zanānā, took meals and rested in the afternoon. In the late afternoon, he would come to the Saman Burj and transact business for four hours.
㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀吀栀攀 氀攀琀琀攀爀猀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀 瘀愀氀甀愀戀氀攀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 愀戀漀甀琀 刀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀樀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀琀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀✀猀 昀椀渀愀渀挀椀愀氀Ⰰ 洀椀氀椀琀愀爀礀 愀渀搀 樀甀搀椀挀椀愀氀 愀搀洀椀渀椀猀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 攀愀爀氀椀攀爀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 漀昀 栀椀猀 爀攀椀最渀⸀ 䘀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 攀砀琀攀渀琀 琀漀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 䴀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀樀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 栀愀搀 猀甀挀挀攀攀搀攀搀 椀渀 琀爀愀椀渀椀渀最 愀渀搀 爀攀漀爀最愀渀椀稀椀渀最 栀椀猀 昀漀爀挀攀猀 漀渀 圀攀猀琀攀爀渀 洀漀搀攀氀Ⰰ 攀瘀攀渀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 琀栀攀 愀搀瘀攀渀琀 漀昀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 漀昀昀椀挀攀爀猀Ⰰ 椀猀 爀攀瘀攀愀氀攀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 栀椀猀 挀漀渀猀椀猀琀攀渀琀 攀渀搀攀愀瘀漀甀爀猀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 戀攀栀愀氀昀 愀渀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 渀愀洀攀猀 漀昀 戀愀琀琀愀氀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 栀椀最栀攀爀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀攀爀猀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀攀搀⸀ 吀栀攀 椀渀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀漀渀猀 椀猀猀甀攀搀 琀漀 栀椀猀 㰀椀㸀✀愀搀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀愀琀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀猀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀爀 樀甀猀琀椀挀攀猀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀攀 栀椀猀 挀漀渀挀攀爀渀 昀漀爀 椀洀瀀愀爀琀椀愀氀椀琀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 愀搀洀椀渀椀猀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 樀甀猀琀椀挀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 昀爀攀焀甀攀渀琀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀樀漀☀⌀㜀㜀㜀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀猀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 氀椀琀⸀ 瀀愀椀爀猀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 戀爀椀渀最 渀攀眀猀 昀爀漀洀 搀椀猀琀愀渀琀 搀椀猀琀爀椀挀琀猀Ⰰ 攀瘀攀渀 昀爀漀洀 昀漀爀攀椀最渀 挀漀甀爀琀猀 愀渀搀 漀昀昀椀挀攀猀Ⰰ 爀攀瘀攀愀氀猀 琀栀攀 攀氀愀戀漀爀愀琀攀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 漀昀 猀瀀攀攀搀礀 愀渀搀 攀昀昀椀挀椀攀渀琀 椀渀琀攀氀氀椀最攀渀挀攀ⴀ最愀琀栀攀爀椀渀最 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀渀 攀砀椀猀琀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
Bhagat Siṅgh
㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀ഀഀ
㰀⼀䠀吀䴀䰀㸀㰀⼀䈀伀䐀夀㸀ഀഀ